Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect
Types of conjunction
Different types of conjunctions link information in
different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which
types of links.
1. Conjunctions of addition and replacement
Additive conjunctions simply add more information to
what is already there. Examples of additive conjunctions include:
and, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover,
further, besides.
Example :
The study used a small sample only and was
strongly criticized for this reason. Furthermore, the initial
premise of the research was considered questionable in the light of previous
evidence.
Conjunctions of replacement replace one piece of
information with another. That is, they offer an alternative. Conjunctions of
replacement include the words:
or, or else, alternatively.
Example :
The results could be interpreted to mean that high
levels of protein are beneficial to diet generally. Alternatively,
they could also mean that high protein levels are only beneficial to severely
overweight.
2. Conjunctions of comparison, contrast and concession
Comparative conjunctions are used to link two ideas
that are considered to be similar. Comparative conjunctions include the terms:
in the same way, likewise, just as, both … and.
Example :
Reading aloud to young children stimulates their
interest in books. Similarly, visiting libraries or book fairs has
been shown to increase children’s readiness to engage with print.
Contrastive conjunctions link two ideas that are
considered to be different. Examples of contrastive conjunctions include:
but, however, in contrast, on the contrary, instead,
nevertheless, yet, still, even so, neither … nor.
Example :
This evidence points clearly to a fall in the number
of unemployed. On the other hand, anecdotal evidence from reputable
charities suggests that the number of people seeking financial support has
increased.
Concessive conjunctions are a subgroup of contrastive
conjunctions. They are used to contrast one idea with another where one piece
of information appears to be surprising or unexpected in view of the other
idea. Examples of concessive conjunctions include:
though, although, despite, in spite of,
notwithstanding, whereas, while.
Example :
Even though money has been poured
into literacy programs, literacy levels among 12-15 year olds do not appear to
be improving.
Perfect Modal Verbs
modal verb + have + past participle
The Future Perfect Tense
Unlike all the other modals above, will is
used for the future:
Subject + will + have + past participle
Singular
|
Plural
|
I will have lived
|
We will have lived
|
You will have lived
|
You will have lived
|
He will have lived
|
|
She will have lived
|
They will have lived
|
It will have lived
|
This is a difficult tense to use. It describes an
action that will be completed in the future.
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